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Kytril Tablets contain granisetron hydrochloride, an antinauseant and antiemetic agent. Chemically it is endo -N-(9-methyl-9-azabicyclo [3.3.1] non-3-yl)-1-methyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide hydrochloride with a molecular weight of 348.9 (312.4 free base). Its empirical formula is C 18 H 24 N 4 O·HCl, while its chemical structure is:
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granisetron hydrochloride
Granisetron hydrochloride is a white to off-white solid that is readily soluble in water and normal saline at 20°C.
Tablets for Oral Administration: Each white, triangular, biconvex, film-coated Kytril Tablet contains 1.12 mg granisetron hydrochloride equivalent to granisetron, 1 mg. Inactive ingredients are: hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, lactose, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyethylene glycol, polysorbate 80, sodium starch glycolate and titanium dioxide.
Granisetron is a selective 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 (5-HT 3 ) receptor antagonist with little or no affinity for other serotonin receptors, including 5-HT 1 ; 5-HT 1A ; 5-HT 1B/C ; 5-HT 2 ; for alpha 1 -, alpha 2 -, or beta-adrenoreceptors; for dopamine-D 2 ; or for histamine-H 1 ; benzodiazepine; picrotoxin, or opioid receptors.
Serotonin receptors of the 5-HT 3 type are located peripherally on vagal nerve terminals and centrally in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the area postrema. During chemotherapy that induces vomiting, mucosal enterochromaffin cells release serotonin, which stimulates 5-HT 3 receptors. This evokes vagal afferent discharge, inducing vomiting. Animal studies demonstrate that, in binding to 5-HT 3 receptors, granisetron blocks serotonin stimulation and subsequent vomiting after emetogenic stimuli such as cisplatin. In the ferret animal model, a single granisetron injection prevented vomiting due to high-dose cisplatin or arrested vomiting within 5 to 30 seconds.
In most human studies, granisetron has had little effect on blood pressure, heart rate or ECG. No evidence of an effect on plasma prolactin or aldosterone concentrations has been found in other studies.
Following single and multiple oral doses, Kytril slowed colonic transit in normal volunteers. However, Kytril had no effect on oro-cecal transit time in normal volunteers when given as a single intravenous (IV) infusion of 50 mcg/kg or 200 mcg/kg.
In healthy volunteers and adult cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy, administration of oral Kytril produced the following mean pharmacokinetic data:
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The effects of gender on the pharmacokinetics of oral Kytril have not been studied. However, after intravenous infusion of Kytril, no difference in mean AUC was found between males and females, although males had a higher C max generally.
When oral Kytril was administered with food, AUC was decreased by 5% and C max increased by 30% in non-fasted healthy volunteers who received a single dose of 10 mg.
Granisetron metabolism involves N-demethylation and aromatic ring oxidation followed by conjugation. Animal studies suggest that some of the metabolites may also have 5-HT 3 receptor antagonist activity.
Clearance is predominantly by hepatic metabolism. In normal volunteers, approximately 11% of the orally administered dose is eliminated unchanged in the urine in 48 hours. The remainder of the dose is excreted as metabolites, 48% in the urine and 38% in the feces.
In vitro liver microsomal studies show that granisetron's major route of metabolism is inhibited by ketoconazole, suggestive of metabolism mediated by the cytochrome P-450 3A subfamily.
Plasma protein binding is approximately 65% and granisetron distributes freely between plasma and red blood cells.
In elderly and pediatric patients and in patients with renal failure or hepatic impairment, the pharmacokinetics of granisetron was determined following administration of intravenous Kytril:
Elderly: The ranges of the pharmacokinetic parameters in elderly volunteers (mean age 71 years), given a single 40 mcg/kg intravenous dose of Kytril Injection, were generally similar to those in younger healthy volunteers; mean values were lower for clearance and longer for half-life in the elderly.
Renal Failure Patients: Total clearance of granisetron was not affected in patients with severe renal failure who received a single 40 mcg/kg intravenous dose of Kytril Injection
Hepatically Impaired Patients: A pharmacokinetic study with intravenous Kytril in patients with hepatic impairment due to neoplastic liver involvement showed that total clearance was approximately halved compared to patients without hepatic impairment. Given the wide variability in pharmacokinetic parameters noted in patients and the good tolerance of doses well above the recommended dose, dosage adjustment in patients with possible hepatic functional impairment is not necessary.
Pediatric Patients: A pharmacokinetic study in pediatric cancer patients (2 to 16 years of age), given a single 40 mcg/kg intravenous dose of Kytril Injection, showed that volume of distribution and total clearance increased with age. No relationship with age was observed for peak plasma concentration or terminal phase plasma half-life. When volume of distribution and total clearance are adjusted for body weight, the pharmacokinetics of granisetron are similar in pediatric and adult cancer patients.
Oral Kytril prevents nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of emetogenic cancer therapy, as shown by 24-hour efficacy data from studies using both moderately- and highly-emetogenic chemotherapy.
Moderately Emetogenic Chemotherapy: The first trial compared oral Kytril doses of 0.25 to 2.0 mg b.i.d., in 930 cancer patients receiving, principally, cyclophosphamide, carboplatin and cisplatin (20 mg/m 2 to 50 mg/m 2 ). Efficacy was based on: complete response (i.e., no vomiting, no moderate or severe nausea, no rescue medication), no vomiting and no nausea. Table 2 summarizes the results of this study.
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Results from a second double-blind, randomized trial evaluating Kytril 2.0 mg q.d. and Kytril 1.0 mg b.i.d. were compared to prochlorperazine 10 mg b.i.d. derived from a historical control. At 24 hours, there was no statistically significant difference in efficacy between the two oral Kytril regimens. Both regimens were statistically superior to the prochlorperazine control regimen (See Table 3).
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Results from a Kytril 2.0 mg q.d. alone treatment arm in a third double-blind, randomized trial, were compared to prochlorperazine (PCPZ), 10 mg b.i.d., derived from a historical control. The 24-hour results for Kytril 2.0 mg q.d. were statistically superior to PCPZ for all efficacy parameters: complete response (58%), no vomiting (79%), no nausea (51%), total control (49%). The PCPZ rates are shown in Table 3.
Cisplatin-based Chemotherapy: The first double-blind trial compared oral Kytril 1.0 mg b.i.d., relative to placebo (historical control), in 119 cancer patients receiving high-dose cisplatin (mean dose 80 mg/m 2 ). At 24 hours, oral Kytril 1.0 mg b.i.d. was significantly ( P <0.001) superior to placebo (historical control) in all efficacy parameters: complete response (52%), no vomiting (56%) and no nausea (45%). The placebo rates were 7%, 14% and 7%, respectively, for the three efficacy parameters.
Results from a Kytril 2.0 mg q.d. alone treatment arm in a second double-blind, randomized trial, were compared to both Kytril 1.0 mg b.i.d. and placebo historical controls. The 24-hour results for Kytril 2.0 mg q.d. were: complete response (44%), no vomiting (58%), no nausea (46%), total control (40%). The efficacy of Kytril 2.0 mg q.d. was comparable to Kytril 1.0 mg b.i.d. and statistically superior to placebo. The placebo rates were 7%, 14%, 7%, 7%, respectively, for the four parameters.
No controlled study comparing granisetron injection with the oral formulation to prevent chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting has been performed.
Total Body Irradiation: In a double-blind randomized study, 18 patients receiving Kytril Tablets, 2.0 mg daily, experienced significantly greater antiemetic protection compared to patients in a historical negative control group who received conventional (non-5-HT 3 antagonist) antiemetics. Total body irradiation consisted of 11 fractions of 120 cGy administered over 4 days, with three fractions on each of the first 3 days, and two fractions on the fourth day. Kytril Tablets were given one hour before the first radiation fraction of each day.
Twenty-two percent (22%) of patients treated with Kytril Tablets did not experience vomiting or receive rescue antiemetics over the entire 4-day dosing period, compared to 0% of patients in the historical negative control group ( P <0.01).
In addition, patients who received Kytril Tablets also experienced significantly fewer emetic episodes during the first day of radiation and over the 4-day treatment period, compared to patients in the historical negative control group. The median time to the first emetic episode was 36 hours for patients who received Kytril Tablets.
Fractionated Abdominal Radiation: The efficacy of Kytril , 2 mg daily, was evaluated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial of 260 patients. Kytril Tablets were given 1 hour before radiation, composed of up to 20 daily fractions of 180 to 300 cGy each. The exceptions were patients with seminoma or those receiving whole abdomen irradiation who initially received 150 cGy per fraction. Radiation was administered to the upper abdomen with a field size of at least 100 cm 2 .
The proportion of patients without emesis and those without nausea for Kytril Tablets, compared to placebo, were statistically significant ( P <0.0001) at 24 hours after radiation, irrespective of the radiation dose. Kytril was superior to placebo in patients receiving up to 10 daily fractions of radiation, but was not superior to placebo in patients receiving 20 fractions.
Patients treated with Kytril Tablets (n=134) had a significantly longer time to the first episode of vomiting (35 vs. 9 days, P <0.001) relative to those patients who received placebo (n=126), and a significantly longer time to the first episode of nausea (11 vs. 1 day, P <0.001). Kytril provided significantly greater protection from nausea and vomiting than placebo.
Kytril (granisetron hydrochloride) is indicated for the prevention of:
Kytril is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to the drug or any of its components.
Granisetron does not induce or inhibit the cytochrome P-450 drug-metabolizing enzyme system. There have been no definitive drug-drug interaction studies to examine pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic interaction with other drugs but, in humans, Kytril Injection has been safely administered with drugs representing benzodiazepines, neuroleptics and anti-ulcer medications commonly prescribed with antiemetic treatments. Kytril Injection also does not appear to interact with emetogenic cancer chemotherapies. Because granisetron is metabolized by hepatic cytochrome P-450 drug-metabolizing enzymes, inducers or inhibitors of these enzymes may change the clearance and, hence, the half-life of granisetron.
In a 24-month carcinogenicity study, rats were treated orally with granisetron 1, 5 or 50 mg/kg/day (6, 30 or 300 mg/m 2 /day). The 50 mg/kg/day dose was reduced to 25 mg/kg/day (150 mg/m 2 /day) during week 59 due to toxicity. For a 50 kg person of average height (1.46m 2 body surface area), these doses represent 4, 20 and 101 times the recommended clinical dose (1.48 mg/m 2 , oral) on a body surface area basis. There was a statistically significant increase in the incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas and adenomas in males treated with 5 mg/kg/day (30 mg/m 2 /day, 20 times the recommended human dose based on body surface area) and above, and in females treated with 25 mg/kg/day (150 mg/m 2 /day, 101 times the recommended human dose based on body surface area). No increase in liver tumors was observed at a dose of 1 mg/kg/day (6 mg/m 2 /day, 4 times the recommended human dose based on body surface area) in males and 5 mg/kg/day (30 mg/m 2 /day, 20 times the recommended human dose based on body surface area) in females. In a 12-month oral toxicity study, treatment with granisetron 100 mg/kg/day (600 mg/m 2 /day, 405 times the recommended human dose based on body surface area) produced hepatocellular adenomas in male and female rats while no such tumors were found in the control rats. A 24-month mouse carcinogenicity study of granisetron did not show a statistically significant increase in tumor incidence, but the study was not conclusive.
Because of the tumor findings in rat studies, Kytril (granisetron hydrochloride) Tablets should be prescribed only at the dose and for the indication recommended (see , and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION ).
Granisetron was not mutagenic in in vitro Ames test and mouse lymphoma cell forward mutation assay, and in vivo mouse micronucleus test and in vitro and ex vivo rat hepatocyte UDS assays. It, however, produced a significant increase in UDS in HeLa cells in vitro and a significant increased incidence of cells with polyploidy in an in vitro human lymphocyte chromosomal aberration test.
Granisetron at oral doses up to 100 mg/kg/day (600 mg/m 2 /day, 405 times the recommended human dose based on body surface area) was found to have no effect on fertility and reproductive performance of male and female rats.
Teratogenic Effects. Pregnancy Category B. Reproduction studies have been performed in pregnant rats at oral doses up to 125 mg/kg/day (750 mg/m 2 /day, 507 times the recommended human dose based on body surface area) and pregnant rabbits at oral doses up to 32 mg/kg/day (378 mg/m 2 /day, 255 times the recommended human dose based on body surface area) and have revealed no evidence of impaired fertility or harm to the fetus due to granisetron. There are, however, no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.
It is not known whether granisetron is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when Kytril is administered to a nursing woman.
Safety and effectiveness in children have not been established.
During clinical trials, 325 patients 65 years of age or older received oral Kytril ; 298 were 65 to 74 years of age and 27 were 75 years of age or older. Efficacy and safety were maintained with increasing age.
Over 3,700 patients have received oral Kytril in clinical trials with emetogenic cancer therapies consisting primarily of cyclophosphamide or cisplatin regimens.
In patients receiving oral Kytril 1.0 mg b.i.d. for 1, 7 or 14 days, 2.0 mg q.d. for 1 day, the following table lists adverse experiences reported in more than 5% of the patients with comparator and placebo incidences.
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Other adverse events reported in clinical trials were:
Gastrointestinal In single-day dosing studies in which adverse events were collected for 7 days, nausea (20%) and vomiting (12%) were recorded as adverse events after the 24-hour efficacy assessment period.
Hepatic: In comparative trials, elevation of AST and ALT (>2 times the upper limit of normal) following the administration of oral Kytril occurred in 5% and 6% of patients, respectively. These frequencies were not significantly different from those seen with comparators (AST: 2%; ALT: 9%).
Cardiovascular Hypertension (1%); hypotension, angina pectoris, atrial fibrillation and syncope have been observed rarely.
Central Nervous System: Dizziness (5%), insomnia (5%), anxiety (2%), somnolence (1%). One case compatible with but not diagnostic of extrapyramidal symptoms has been reported in a patient treated with oral Kytril .
Hypersensitivity: Rare cases of hypersensitivity reactions, sometimes severe (e.g., anaphylaxis, shortness of breath, hypotension, urticaria) have been reported.
Other: Fever (5%). Events often associated with chemotherapy also have been reported: leukopenia (9%), decreased appetite (6%), anemia (4%), alopecia (3%), thrombocytopenia (2%).
Over 5,000 patients have received injectable Kytril in clinical trials.
Table 5 gives the comparative frequencies of the five commonly reported adverse events (>/=3%) in patients receiving Kytril Injection, 40 mcg/kg, in single-day chemotherapy trials. These patients received chemotherapy, primarily cisplatin, and intravenous fluids during the 24-hour period following Kytril Injection administration.
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In the absence of a placebo group, there is uncertainty as to how many of these events should be attributed to Kytril, except for headache, which was clearly more frequent than in comparison groups.
In controlled clinical trials, the adverse events reported by patients receiving Kytril tablets and concurrent radiation were similar to those reported by patients receiving Kytril tablets prior to chemotherapy. The most frequently reported adverse events were diarrhea, asthenia and constipation. Headache, however, was less prevalent in this patient population.
There is no specific treatment for granisetron hydrochloride overdosage. In case of overdosage, symptomatic treatment should be given. Overdosage of up to 38.5 mg of granisetron hydrochloride injection has been reported without symptoms or only the occurrence of a slight headache.
The recommended adult dosage of oral Kytril (granisetron hydrochloride) is 2 mg once daily or 1 mg twice daily. In the 2 mg once-daily regimen, two 1 mg tablets are given up to 1 hour before chemotherapy. In the 1 mg twice-daily regimen, the first 1 mg tablet is given up to 1 hour before chemotherapy, and the second tablet, 12 hours after the first. Either regimen is administered only on the day(s) chemotherapy is given. Continued treatment, while not on chemotherapy, has not been found to be useful.
Use in the Elderly, Pediatric Patients, Renal Failure Patients or Hepatically Impaired Patients: No dosage adjustment is recommended. (See , .)
Radiation (either Total Body Irradiation or Fractionated Abdominal Radiation): The recommended adult dosage of oral Kytril is 2 mg once daily. Two 1 mg tablets are taken within 1 hour of radiation.
Pediatric Use: There is no experience with oral Kytril in the prevention of radiation-induced nausea and vomiting in pediatric patients.
Use in the Elderly: No dosage adjustment is recommended.
Tablets: White, triangular, biconvex, film-coated tablets; tablets are debossed K1 on one face.
1 mg Unit of Use 2's: NDC 0029-4151-39
1 mg SUP 20's: NDC 0029-4151-05 (intended for institutional use only)
Store between 15° and 30°C (59° and 86°F). Protect from light.
Rx only
Manufactured in Crawley, UK by
SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, for
SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals,
Philadelphia, PA 19101
KY:L6T-A
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